Arab Human Development in the Twenty-first Century by Bahgat Korany

Author:Bahgat Korany [Korany, Bahgat]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781617976216
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: American University in Cairo Press, The
Published: 2014-10-01T00:00:00+00:00

Fatalities

• 5 troops

• 1 police

• 1 military observer

• 3 international civilian personnel

• 5 local civilian personnel 15 total

Financial aspects

Method of financing: Assessment in respect of a Special Account Approved budget (1 July 2013—30 June 2014): $60,475,700

The conflict in Somalia

In 1969 Siad Barre staged a military coup d’état to overthrow the democratically elected government in Somalia. By the end of the 1970s and early 1980s, the clan system, dominated by the Marehan clan in particular, had consolidated its grip over political and civil life, driving the other clans and tribes to take up arms and wage war on the Barre regime. When the regime lost power in 1991, Somalia was sucked into a nightmarish vortex of violence and civil war, leaving hundreds of thousands of dead, wounded, displaced persons, and refugees. In 1992, prompted by the ferocity of the military operations and by the massive deterioration in human and food security, the United Nations, pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 794, deployed an African–international peacekeeping mission, in the name of “humanitarian intervention,” to monitor and safeguard ceasefire operations and to supervise humanitarian assistance operations. US forces played the leading role in this mission. As the humanitarian and security circumstances deteriorated further, a second Security Council resolution was issued at the behest of the UN Secretary-General.

Resolution 814 invoked Chapter VII of the UN Charter, which authorizes international forces to use armed force to carry out an international resolution. However, reality on the ground as shaped by the Somali militias proved so overwhelming that the United Nations was forced to end its operation in Somalia in 1995. The tribal and civil conflicts and their repercussions on human security and development defined the last decade of the twentieth century in Somalia. The events of 11 September 2001 in the United States engendered a new construct for the Somali conflict. “Somalia” now became a byword for a breeding ground for terrorism due to the nation’s lack of a central power strong enough to bring the domestic situation under control. The year 2004 was pivotal; a group of warring forces succeeded in reaching an agreement in Kenya to form a parliament and a transitional federal government, whose president appealed to the African Union for an international peacekeeping force to help restore peace to Somalia. The African peacekeeping mission did not last long. Following the withdrawal of its forces in 2006, fierce clashes erupted between the central government and the Islamic Courts Union. As Mogadishu appeared on the verge of falling into the hands of radical Islamist groups, Ethiopia was galvanized into mounting a military intervention that same year, which defeated the Islamic Courts. In 2007 another African peacekeeping force—the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM)—was created with a UN-authorized mandate to restore security in Somalia. However, the Shabaab movement, which had previously formed a faction of the Islamic Courts, is still fighting and threatening the transitional government.

The Arab countries did next to nothing to help solve the Somalian civil war; there has been no serious Arab League initiative to resolve the crisis.

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